Neuropsychology is the study of the structure and function of the brain as they relate to specific psychological processes and behaviours. It is an experimental field of psychology that aims to understand how behavior and cognition are influenced by brain functioning and is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of behavioral and cognitive effects of neurological disorders. Whereas classical neurology focuses on the physiology of the nervous system and classical psychology is largely divorced from it neuropsychology seeks to discover how the brain correlates with the mind. It thus shares concepts and concerns with neuropsychiatry and with behavioral neurology in general. The term neuropsychology has been applied to lesion studies in humans and animals. It has also been applied in efforts to record electrical activity from individual cells (or groups of cells) in higher primates (including some studies of human patients). It makes use of neuroscience and shares an information processing view of the mind with cognitive psychology and cognitive science.

In practice neuropsychologists tend to work in research settings (universities laboratories or research institutions) clinical settings (medical hospitals or rehabilitation settings often involved in assessing or treating patients with neuropsychological problems) or forensic settings or industry (often as clinical-trial consultants where CNS function is a concern).